Here are some advantages of an effective production plan and schedule:
- Reduced labor costs by eliminating wasted time and improving process flow.
- Reduced inventory costs by decreasing the need for safety stocks and excessive work-in-process inventories.
- Optimized equipment usage and increased capacity.
- Improved on-time deliveries of products and services.
Key factors of a production plan
Effective planning hinges on a sound understanding of key activities that entrepreneurs and business managers should apply to the planning process. Here are some examples:
- Forecast market expectations – To plan effectively, you will need to estimate potential sales with some reliability. Most businesses don’t have firm numbers on future sales. However, you can forecast sales based on historical information, market trends, and established orders.
- Inventory control – Reliable inventory levels feeding the pipeline have to be established and a sound inventory system should be in place.
- Availability of equipment and human resources – Also known as open time, this is the period allowed between processes so that all orders flow within your production line or service. Production planning helps you manage open time, ensuring it is well-utilized while being careful not to create delays. Planning should maximize your operational capacity but not exceed it. It’s also wise not to plan for full capacity and leave room for unexpected priorities and changes that may arise.
- Standardized steps and time – Typically, the most efficient means to determine your production steps is to map processes in the order that they happen and then incorporate the average time it took to complete the work. Remember that all steps don’t happen in sequence and that many may occur at the same time.
After completing a process map, you will understand how long it will take to complete the entire process. Where work is repeated or similar, it is best to standardize the work and time involved. Document similar activities for future use and use them as a baseline to establish future routings and times. This will speed up your planning process significantly.
During the process map stage, you may identify waste. You can use operational efficiency/lean manufacturing principles to eliminate waste, shorten the process and improve deliveries and costs. - Risk factors – Evaluate these by collecting historical information on similar work experiences, detailing the actual time, materials and failures encountered. Where risks are significant, you should conduct a failure mode effect analysis method (FMEA) and ensure that controls are put in place to eliminate or minimize them. This method allows you to study and determine ways to diminish potential problems within your business operations. This type of analysis is more common in manufacturing and assembly businesses.
How to plan work
All other activities are initiated from the production plan and each area is dependent on the interaction of the activities. Typically, a plan addresses materials, equipment, human resources, training, capacity, and the routing or methods to complete the work in a standard time. To do a good sales forecast, you should base it on a history of firm orders.
The production plan initially needs to address specific key elements well before production to ensure an uninterrupted flow of work as it unfolds.
- Material ordering – Materials and services that require a long lead time or are at an extended shipping distance, also known as blanket orders, should be ordered in advance of production requirements. Suppliers should send you materials periodically to ensure an uninterrupted pipeline.
- Equipment procurement – Procuring specialized tools and equipment to initiate the production process may require a longer lead time. Keep in mind that the equipment may have to be custom-made or simply difficult to set up. This type of equipment may also require special training.
- Bottlenecks – These are constraints or restrictions in the process flow and should be assessed in advance so you can plan around them or eliminate them before you begin production. When you assess possible bottlenecks, be aware that they may shift to another area of the process. Dealing with bottlenecks is a continual challenge for any business.
- Human resources acquisitions and training – Key or specialized positions may demand extensive training on specialized equipment, technical processes, or regulatory requirements. Employees should be interviewed thoroughly about their skills. When hiring them, allow sufficient time for training and ensure that they are competent in their work before the job begins. This will ensure that your process or service flows smoothly.
The production plan provides a foundation to schedule the actual work and plan the details of day-to-day activities. As sales orders come in, you will need to address them individually based on their priority. The importance of the sales order will determine the workflow and when it should be scheduled. After this, you should evaluate whether or not you are ready for production or offer the service. You will need to determine:
- If the inventory is available at the point where work is to start? If not, then the work needs to be rescheduled when supplies become available. There is no point in scheduling work that you will not be able to complete.
- Are your resources available? Do you have the necessary staff to complete the task? Are the machines being used?
- Does the standard time fit within the open time allowed? If not, then the work should be rescheduled.
- You should be careful to minimize risk factors; allowing too many what-ifs can delay delivery and be counterproductive.
Communicate the plan
After you have determined that you have met the criteria to start production, you will need to communicate the plan to the employees who will implement it. You can plan production on spreadsheets, databases, or software, which usually speeds the process up. However, a visual representation is preferable as a means to communicate operation schedules to floor employees. Some businesses post work orders on boards or use computer monitors to display the floor schedule. The schedule also needs to be available to employees ahead of time and kept up to date.
Consider change
One of the many challenges of production planning and scheduling is following up with changes to orders. Changes happen every day. You will need to adjust your plan in line with these changes and advise the plant. Dealing with change is not always easy and may take as much effort as creating the original production plan. You will need to follow up with the various departments involved to rectify any problems. As well, computer software can help track changes, inventory, employees, and equipment.
Source: Production Plan Top Tips Improving Operations
